This first issue outlines the spirit of this journal, which aims to fill a void while remaining open to all proposals in order to preserve its heterogeneity. This heterogeneity is illustrated by neo-classical and institutional approaches, political economy analyses and sectoral policy reviews, theoretical and conceptual foundations and methodological reviews including critical views of measurement tools. Three levels of analysis intersect and complement each other; macro, meso and micro. The macro dimension is approached through the prism of the systemic vision, calling in turn for institutional systems of health (Bruno Boidin), innovation systems (Casadella and Tahi), information systems (Youcef Mebbani), systems of knowledge mobilization in all its forms through the paradigm of the knowledge economy (Abdelkader Djeflat), and finally systems of waste collection (Lamia Benamor, Corinne Crettaz and Abdelkader Djeflat). The meso-economic dimension is addressed through the intersection of sector and territory (Ferdj and Hammadi) and that of neighborhoods and city policy (Abdelhafid Hammouche). Finally, the micro-economic dimension is addressed through the family business (Badr Jelil). Heterogeneity also means multidisciplinarity, an editorial choice that has already been emphasized. Thus, this issue brings together the work of economists, management specialists and sociologists. Finally, it is reflected through the diversity of the origins of the authors coming essentially from four countries Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco and France giving it the stamp of an international review that we wish to imprint on it in the image of the Maghtech network itself.

In a more detailed way,

Bruno Boidin's article entitled "Social determinants of health and institutional complementarities in Africa: a challenge for health policies" examines the shortcomings in the implementation of a social determinants of health approach in Africa. It extends this approach by adopting a political economy perspective that considers the policy-making process as non-linear and the absence of an institutional ideal. The notion of institutional complementarity is mobilized to analyze the shortcomings of health policies in Africa from a systemic perspective. It shows that health programs are based on a rationalist and vertical vision of the problems and characterized by weak institutional complementarities. The contribution of this article to the literature lies in the mobilization of a political economy perspective that seeks to bring public health closer to public policy analyses.

Vanessa Casadella and Sofiane Tahi's article entitled "National Innovation Systems in Developing Countries: Understanding Current Issues and Relevant Methodology" extends and deepens two dimensions: public policy and the systemic vision of innovation. It examines the NIS (National Innovation System) approach, which is not recent and which exists in multiple fields of analysis. Although this approach has a certain anteriority, it is still part of the micro and macroeconomic analyses of innovation capacities in developing countries (D.E.C.) and a privileged tool for public policy (and international expertise). They return to the conceptualization of a National Innovation System in developing countries while redefining the methodological constraints, both associated with the current context (crisis of the Covid and (de)globalization) but also with the need to bring the current dynamics of innovation in developing countries closer to the most appropriate measurement elements. In this respect, this conceptual contribution returns to the failure of quantitative instruments of systemic innovation and to the need to consider new current issues as potential instruments for measuring systemic innovation in the South.

The article by Youcef Mebbani entitled "The concept of integration in information systems, analysis of different cases of figures" is particularly interested in the integration of information systems in management sciences. It deals with the problem of integration as a strategic choice for companies, the concept of urbanization of information systems and the different possible configurations of the integration principle. Tomas' model (2007) is widely used to explain the levels of integration in a company and the advantages and disadvantages of the concept of integration in organizations are examined in depth.

Abdelkader Djeflat's article entitled "The knowledge economy and the management of transversalities: analysis in terms of flows and contributions of the Global Knowledge Index (GKI)" takes the systemic and interactive vision further in the good evolutionary tradition.  It reminds us that the adoption of policies related to knowledge and innovation to stimulate growth and competitiveness has been linearly flawed. The knowledge economy, however, is not a linear process and even less sequential. The various stages overlap and intertwine. It is a vision in terms of flows that are transversal to several sectors, several institutions and several functions that it proposes. These are all transversal processes on which research has not yet shed sufficient light. This work aims to provide an original and innovative explanation of the different forms of transversality that a knowledge economy dynamic can trigger. The methodology used is essentially analytical with an important conceptual part.  The tools used are essentially the indicators developed by the major international organizations and include the KEI and GKI. On the quantitative side, the author draws heavily on secondary data collected by organizations such as the UNDP and the World Bank Institute.

The article by Aimad Détroussait and Naima Labiod entitled "Algeria faces the challenge of intangible capital: State of play in the MENA region" attempts to expose the weight of intangible capital in Algeria compared to MENA countries. The main objective is to provide a comparative overview of some MENA countries (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Jordan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Bahrain). To do so, the authors adopted a qualitative approach to analyze two indices of measures, namely : Global Knowledge Index and Global Innovation Index published for the year 2020. By analyzing these two indices, three results emerge from their study: first, the field of research and development in Algeria is far from meeting the requirements of competitiveness and integration into the knowledge-based economy. Second, access to and use of ICT remains low compared to other MENA countries. Third, vocational training, which should be based on learning and experience, is largely underestimated. 

The article by Lamia Ben Amor, Corinne Crettaz and Abdelkader Djeflat entitled "The systemic vision of recyclable waste management: Challenges and prospects for Tunisia" intends to demonstrate Tunisia's attitude towards recyclable waste and the problems posed by its existence and management under the prescription inspired by the international movement. Waste management involves the participation of many public or private, formal or informal actors, whether because of their responsibility in source reduction or in the creation and development of a sustainable market for recycled products. This analysis stems from the observation of the interaction between these different actors. In this context, it shows the need for a coherent strategy based on the determining factors of the management of these wastes, which can be divided into two categories: of an institutional nature, such as the collection, compaction and/or reassembly of the wastes, and of an economic nature, such as labor, capital and secondary end products, in order to increase the economic and environmental added value aimed at by the recycling companies. Such a strategy, at a practical level, is likely to harmonize and optimize the different waste management interventions. The analysis shows that waste is not only a source of nuisance, but can become a source of raw materials and energy, and thus of wealth.

The article by Younes Fredj and Abdelkader Hammadi entitled "Innovation capacity of agri-food companies, territorial anchoring and proximity: the case of the wilaya of Blida", attempts to provide answers to the question of territorial anchoring (Zimmermann, 1998) of agri-food SMEs, by examining the relationships that these companies weave in the region of the wilaya of Blida with their environment in the context of their innovation activity. It is based on a double hypothesis: on the one hand, that the construction of a territory is achieved through a fabric of enterprises, and on the other hand, that the performance of enterprises is based not only on their own characteristics but also on the quality of their interactions with all external actors (enterprises, clients, technical and scientific centers, training centers, etc.). The analysis is mainly focused on the company and its ability to take advantage of the technological and scientific resources present in the region. In terms of networks, there is in fact a strong overlap between the type of external environment of the company and the internal organization. This work is based on a statistical survey conducted on a sample of 110 agribusinesses located in the wilaya of Blida. It allowed to specify the territorial anchoring of the companies in terms of organizational proximity.

Abdelhafid Hammouche's article entitled "Migration dynamics through the lens of generational relations" focuses on migration dynamics between the Maghreb and France after decolonization, from the 1960s to the present day, and is based on sociological studies of matrimonial strategies and public action in French urban areas with a high proportion of social housing. The article thus highlights the social consequences of migration within families, taking into account the evolution of its environment. The prism adopted is that of generational relations and allows for a questioning of multiple registers and, without obviously being exhaustive, attempts to identify the most striking aspects in the evolution of gender relations both through the appropriation of space and temporalities and through tensions in the domestic space from the perspective of the choice of spouse.

 

Badr Jelil's article entitled "Organizational learning and transmission: the challenge of the small group of family businesses" sheds a rather original light on the family business. It is a structure that is still little known because of its growth strategy, which consists of creating or buying up small businesses. To achieve this, the owner-manager adopts exogenous growth, i.e. growth through vertical integration, which enables him to strengthen his bargaining power within his original sector. The founder's objective is to build a flexible organization over time, notably by integrating his future successors as soon as possible. The ultimate challenge for the next leaders is to gradually acquire the necessary skills to take over the small business group when the head of the family retires. In addition, to increase his legitimacy, the latter conceives organizational change at the center of his strategic vision in order to be in phase with the concept of "resilience" so much presented by most researchers in the "Small Family Business". More concretely, the head of the family perceives his future heirs as a means to transform the organization and achieve the family's goals such as sustainability. The leader-owner therefore sees himself or herself as a means of perpetuating the family's capital by passing on his or her assets to his or her successors. To go further, this contribution proposes to understand how the family leader modifies the very structure of his company, notably through the succession and the training of his collaborators.